SQL Cheat Sheet

SQL CRITERIA FOR NORMAL FORMS

To ensure that database tables are designed in such a way that they will hold your data reliably, you need to be sure that they are not subject to modification anomalies. Normalizing your databases will give you that assurance.

First Normal Form (1NF):

Table must be two-dimensional, with rows and columns.

Each row contains data that pertains to one thing or one portion of a thing.

Each column contains data for a single attribute of the thing being described.

Each cell (intersection of row and column) of the table must be single-valued.

All entries in a column must be of the same kind.

Each column must have a unique name.

No two rows may be identical.

The order of the columns and of the rows does not matter.

Second Normal Form (2NF):

Table must be in first normal form (1NF).

All nonkey attributes (columns) must be dependent on the entire key.

Third Normal Form (3NF):

Table must be in second normal form (2NF).

Table has no transitive dependencies.

Domain-Key Normal Form (DK/NF):

Every constraint on the table is a logical consequence of the definition of keys and domains.

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SQL DATA TYPES

Here’s a list of all the formal data types that ISO/IEC standard SQL recognizes. In addition to these, you may define additional data types that are derived from these.

Exact Numerics:

• INTEGER

• SMALLINT

• BIGINT

• NUMERIC

• DECIMAL

Approximate Numerics:

• REAL

• DOUBLE PRECISION

• FLOAT

Binary Strings:

• BINARY

• BINARY VARYING

• BINARY LARGE OBJECT

Boolean:

• BOOLEAN

Character Strings:

• CHARACTER

• CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR)

• CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT

• NATIONAL CHARACTER

• NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING

• NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT

Datetimes:

• DATE

• TIME WITHOUT TIMEZONE

• TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE

• TIME WITH TIMEZONE

• TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE

Intervals:

• INTERVAL DAY

• INTERVAL YEAR

Collection Types:

• ARRAY

• MULTISET

Other Types:

• ROW

• XML

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SQL VALUE FUNCTIONS

These SQL value functions perform operations on data. There are all kinds of operations that could conceivably be performed on data items, but these are some that are needed most often.

String Value Functions

Function Effect

SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a source string

SUBSTRING SIMILAR Extracts a substring from a source string, using POSIX-based

regular expressions

SUBSTRING_REGEX Extracts from a string the first occurrence of an XQuery

regular expression pattern and returns one occurrence of the

matching substring

TRANSLATE_REGEX Extracts from a string the first or every occurrence of an

XQuery regular expression pattern and replaces it or them with an

XQuery replacement string

UPPER Converts a character string to all uppercase

LOWER Converts a character string to all lowercase

TRIM Trims off leading or trailing blanks

TRANSLATE Transforms a source string from one character set to

another

CONVERT Transforms a source string from one character set to

another

Numeric Value Functions

Function Effect

POSITION Returns the starting position of a target string within a

source string

CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the number of characters in a string

OCTET_LENGTH Returns the number of octets (bytes) in a character string

EXTRACT Extracts a single field from a datetime or interval

Datetime Value Functions

Function Effect

CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_TIME(p) Returns the current time; (p) is precision of seconds

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(p) Returns the current date and the current time; (p) is precision of seconds

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SQL SET FUNCTIONS

The SQL set functions give you a quick answer to questions you may have about the characteristics of your data as a whole. How many rows does a table have? What is the highest value in the table? What is the lowest? These are the kinds of questions that the SQL set functions can answer for you.

COUNT Returns the number of rows in the specified table

MAX Returns the maximum value that occurs in the specified

table

MIN Returns the minimum value that occurs in the specified

table

SUM Adds up the values in a specified column

AVG Returns the average of all the values in the specified column

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SQL WHERE CLAUSE PREDICATES

Predicates boil down to either a TRUE or a FALSE result. You can filter out unwanted rows from the result of an SQL query by applying a WHERE clause whose predicate excludes the unwanted rows.

Comparison Predicates

= Equal

<> Not equal

< Less than

<= Less than or equal

> Greater than

>= Greater than or equal

Other Predicates

ALL BETWEEN

DISTINCT EXISTS

IN LIKE

MATCH NOT IN

NOT LIKE NULL

OVERLAPS SIMILAR

SOME, ANY UNIQUE